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Finnish literature refers to literature written in Finland. During the European early Middle Ages, the earliest text in a Finnic language is the unique thirteenth-century Birch bark letter no. 292 from Novgorod. The earliest texts in Finland were written in Swedish or Latin during the Finnish Middle Age (ca. 1200–1523). Finnish-language literature was slowly developing from the 16th century onwards, after written Finnish was established by the Bishop and Finnish Lutheran reformer Mikael Agricola (1510–1557). He translated the New Testament into Finnish in 1548. The early nineteenth century saw what is now Finland come under Russian rule, and a rise in nationalism was both reflected in and promoted by literary activity, which focused on folklore in Finland. Most of the significant works of the era, written in Swedish or increasingly in Finnish, revolved around achieving or maintaining a strong Finnish identity (see ''Karelianism'').Thousands of folk poems were collected in the ''Suomen kansan vanhat runot'' ('The Ancient Poems of the Finnish People'). The most famous poetry collection is the ''Kalevala'', published in 1835. The first novel published in Finnish was ''Seven Brothers'' (1870) by Aleksis Kivi (1834–1872). The book ''Meek Heritage'' (1919) by Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964) made him the first Finnish Nobel Prize winner. Another notable author is Väinö Linna. Other works known worldwide include ''Michael the Finn'' and ''The Sultan's Renegade'' (known in the US as ''The Adventurer'' and ''The Wanderer'' respectively) by Mika Waltari (1908–1979). Beginning with Paavo Haavikko and Eeva-Liisa Manner, Finnish poetry in the 1950s adapted the tone and approach of T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. The most famous poet was Eino Leino. Timo K. Mukka (1944–1973) was the wild son of Finnish literature. Prominent writers of the 21st century include Mikko Rimminen and sci-fi authors Leena Krohn (Finlandia Prize 1992) and Johanna Sinisalo (Finlandia Prize 2000). ==Pre-Nineteenth century== During the European early Middle Ages, what is now Finland was sparsely-populated area characterised by pre-state societies, which was, during the Middle Ages, absorbed into the emergent states of Sweden and, to a lesser extent, Russia. There is almost no Finnish-language literature from the Middle Ages or earlier; the earliest text in a Finnic language is the unique thirteenth-century Birch bark letter no. 292 from Novgorod. Important books such as ''The Bible'' and ''Code of Laws'' were only available in Latin, Swedish or a few other European languages such as French or German. The understanding of the medieval circulation of these non-Finnish writings in what is now Finland is growing in consequence of the National Library of Finland's digitisation of its medieval 'Fragmenta membranea'.〔http://fragmenta.kansalliskirjasto.fi/. Cf. Tuomas Heikkilä ed., ''Kirjallinen kulttuuri keskiajan Suomessa'', Historiallisia tutkimuksia 254, Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Helsinki 2010.〕 Written Finnish was essentially established by the Bishop and Finnish Lutheran reformer Mikael Agricola (1510—1557) who mainly based it on western dialects. His main works were a translation of the New Testament into Finnish, a task completed in 1548, and a primer in Finnish. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Finnish literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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